Integrated perspective on microbe-based production of itaconic acid: From metabolic and strain engineering to upstream and downstream strategies

The discovery of itaconic acid as a product citric pyrolytic distillation in 1837 opened the possibility using it polymer building block. Itaconic acid, featuring two carboxylic acids and an unsaturated group, can potentially be used block several chemical syntheses, with particular emphasis on manufacture. elucidation biochemical pathways originating from first Aspergillus terreus and, recently, species Ustilago genus, has intensified diversified research focused microbe-based production, including at industrial scale. These efforts include engineering naturally producing species/strains along exploration other that do not produce but may offer potential benefits. use renewable wastes or sugar-enriched residues substrates to circular bioeconomy perspective, is another important aspect advancements microbial production. This review provides overview achievements well challenges concerning strains/species, substrate selection, optimisation bioreactor operation, downstream purification methods.